{"id":4196,"date":"2021-04-24T18:14:59","date_gmt":"2021-04-24T22:14:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/?page_id=4196"},"modified":"2025-02-22T17:29:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-22T22:29:27","slug":"chimpanzee-study-guide","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-study-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Studiehandledning f\u00f6r schimpanser f\u00f6r konstn\u00e4rer och forskare"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4196\" class=\"elementor elementor-4196\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ca3ece elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ca3ece\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a01a86f\" data-id=\"a01a86f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7589a8 elementor-grid-3 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-posts--thumbnail-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-posts\" data-id=\"a7589a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;classic_columns&quot;:&quot;3&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;classic_columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;classic_row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:35,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;classic_row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"posts.classic\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-posts-container elementor-posts elementor-posts--skin-classic elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-7439 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-au1 category-au2 category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-frontalis category-primates tag-inner-brow-raiser-frontalis generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-brow-raiser\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?fit=300%2C153&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7538\" alt=\"side-by-side of chimpanzee and woman upper face area showing brow raise differences\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?w=3354&amp;ssl=1 3354w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=300%2C153&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=1024%2C523&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=768%2C392&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=1536%2C785&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=2048%2C1047&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=18%2C9&amp;ssl=1 18w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=978%2C500&amp;ssl=1 978w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?resize=1320%2C675&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-brow-raiser\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tChimpanzee vs. Human Expressions, Part II\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-brow-raiser\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Chimpanzee vs. Human Expressions, Part II\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-7424 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-au6 category-blend-shapes category-character-rigging category-cheek-raiser category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-orbicularis-oculi category-primates tag-inner-brow-raiser-frontalis tag-facial-action-coding-system-facs generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?fit=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7426\" alt=\"illustrated diagram of a chimpanzee and its brow ridge\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?w=2064&amp;ssl=1 2064w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1024%2C693&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=768%2C519&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1536%2C1039&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=2048%2C1385&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=18%2C12&amp;ssl=1 18w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=739%2C500&amp;ssl=1 739w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1320%2C893&amp;ssl=1 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tChimpanzee vs. Human Facial Expressions, Part I\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Chimpanzee vs. Human Facial Expressions, Part I\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2850 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-action-units category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-primates category-wrinkles generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2851\" alt=\"chimpanzee landmark labels\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?w=3062&amp;ssl=1 3062w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1088%2C1088&amp;ssl=1 1088w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tComparative Anatomy (Sneak Preview)\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Comparative Anatomy (Sneak Preview)\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d05748 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d05748\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0090e82\" data-id=\"0090e82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05ec9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e05ec9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chimpfastzzz2.png?fit=900%2C450&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2849\" alt=\"chimpanzee facial expression landmarks\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a614e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a614e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b0b8ab1\" data-id=\"b0b8ab1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ae2266 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ae2266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hello and welcome to <em>Face the FACS<\/em>&#8216;s chimpanzee study compilation! This document is a work-in-progress passion project. There are parts left blank, because I am either still searching for the information or have not gotten around to it yet.<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #b97df5;\"><strong>Want to help?<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>Please email me if you have any information or references to add: <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #7345a1;\"><a style=\"color: #7345a1; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"mailto:facetheFACS@melindaozel.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">facetheFACS@melindaozel.com<\/a><\/span><\/p><p>I\u2019m currently looking for more information on &#8211; Central and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee subspecies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa422e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa422e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5870937\" data-id=\"5870937\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbb88af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbb88af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">what's in the guide?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34df873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34df873\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f78ee0\" data-id=\"2f78ee0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a430292 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"a430292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__a430292\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler tablosunu a\u00e7\u0131n\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__a430292\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler tablosunu kapat\u0131n\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__a430292\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86831fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"86831fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-811eb83\" data-id=\"811eb83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53552aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53552aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">intro to chimpanzee subspecies<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29c6808 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29c6808\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b734853\" data-id=\"b734853\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c30836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c30836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #3ec99d;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>WHY ARTISTS SHOULD CARE<\/strong><\/span>: <\/span><em>If you are creating a chimpanzee character using multiple references, knowing which subspecies you are working with can help you achieve consistency and realism. (Of course, there is no problem with deviating from realism and intentionally taking your own creative license!)<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #b65dd9;\"><strong>WHY RESEARCHERS SHOULD CARE:<\/strong><\/span> <em>Subspecies of chimpanzees display unique behaviors and physical characteristics; classifying this sub-information may yield clearer, better organized data regarding behavior and genetics.<\/em><\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #774e8a;\">What is a subspecies? <em>(And why it can be difficult to wrap your head around.)<\/em><\/span><\/h3><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">\u201cDistinguishing between a species and a subspecies can be difficult: most people are aware of the definition of a species, but when it comes to defining a subspecies, it can be a bit hazy and subjective.<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">Technically, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zmescience.com\/ecology\/world-problems\/northern-white-rhino-threat-02354\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">species<\/span><\/a> is a population or groups of populations that can potentially interbreed freely within and among themselves. This is a naturally-defined concept, something which exists by itself. \u00a0Subspecies, on the other hand, are subgroups within a species that have different traits and are defined by scientists. Let\u2019s examine this concept more closely.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">. . .<br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">A widely accepted definition for subspecies is that of Mayr and Ashlock (1991:43): \u2018A subspecies is an aggregate of phenotypically similar populations of a species inhabiting a geographic subdivision of the range of that species and differing taxonomically from other populations of that species.\u2019<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">. . .<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">As you can imagine, a subspecies is subordinate to a species. This means that while you can have a species of its own within its own genus, you can\u2019t have a subspecies of its own. You can only define a subspecies in relation to a species \u2014 and you need at least two subspecies for the idea to make sense (else that single \u2018subspecies\u2019 would actually be the whole species). This is where things start to get even murkier.\u201d<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #808080;\"><a style=\"color: #808080; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zmescience.com\/other\/feature-post\/difference-species-subspecies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the rest of this article here.<\/a><\/span><\/p><h4><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #d68181;\"><strong>QUICK NOTE ON BONOBOS<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p>Bonobos are not chimpanzees. They are a different species altogether.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino;\">\u201cThe bonobo (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772311000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3RmNN0uCIZnKqpE-DRDTy1\">\/b\u0259\u02c8no\u028abo\u028a, \u02c8b\u0252n\u0259bo\u028a\/<\/a>; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonobo%23cite_note-deWaal1997-3&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772316000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1Yg92zrdUoSMv2iYMkWqCP\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0is an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endangered_Species&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772319000&amp;usg=AOvVaw04IIStr-8JaotMSRbyzbu5\">endangered<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_ape&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772322000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3-sJEpN1jEI_QrfP7myvOi\">great ape<\/a>\u00a0and one of the two <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Species&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772325000&amp;usg=AOvVaw33UXUDYuvGtQR-2ItV8uZM\">species<\/a>\u00a0making up the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genus&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772329000&amp;usg=AOvVaw02ZlxfXrMUbSTYV8-3RbjI\">genus<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pan_(genus)&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772332000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3VnbETBaCNGG-Q8xk_tGfq\">Pan<\/a>; the other being the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_chimpanzee&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772336000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0ZTrLZEoW-owHa3JELz1d8\">common chimpanzee<\/a>\u00a0(Pan troglodytes).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonobo%23cite_note-NYT-20160910-4&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772340000&amp;usg=AOvVaw2l-tDmspqie8rIS0jISN0k\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0Although bonobos are not a subspecies of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), but rather a distinct species in their own right, both species are sometimes referred to collectively using the generalized term chimpanzees, or chimps. Taxonomically, the members of the chimpanzee\/bonobo subtribe Panina (comprised entirely by the genus <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pan_(genus)&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772348000&amp;usg=AOvVaw1ZPo70nIRKu3icsXCHLY1m\">Pan<\/a>) are collectively termed panins.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonobo%23cite_note-5&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772351000&amp;usg=AOvVaw3Za_ivl8JUjhGefjSzdk8a\">[5]<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonobo%23cite_note-6&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1619294772353000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0F6SrwB1OD70WhYsAsi7Fd\">[6]<\/a>\u201d<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><a style=\"color: #808080;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonobo#:~:text=The%20bonobo%20(%2Fb%C9%99%CB%88,common%20chimpanzee%20(Pan%20troglodytes).\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">&#8211; Wikipedia<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-97d684e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"97d684e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721f173\" data-id=\"721f173\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4878c55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4878c55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">chimpanzee subspecies types<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-212a9ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"212a9ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0707f7a\" data-id=\"0707f7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c270f1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c270f1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0Four subspecies of chimpanzees have been recognized, with the possibility of a fifth.<\/p><ul><li><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">the 4:<\/span><\/strong><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Central<\/li><li>Eastern<\/li><li>Western<\/li><li>Nigeria-Cameroon<br \/><br \/><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>the possible 5th<\/strong><\/span>:<\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Southeastern<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2adfab2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2adfab2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5296958\" data-id=\"5296958\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b316f19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b316f19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The content in the tabs below is in large thanks to the compiled research and information provided by the <span style=\"color: #333399;\"><a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neprimateconservancy.org\/chimpanzees.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">New England Primate Conservancy<\/span><\/a><\/span>. I highly recommend checking out their site for more in-depth study.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cee9822 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cee9822\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4beb611\" data-id=\"4beb611\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79dc5f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79dc5f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">chimpanzee subspecies chart<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cba0c1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8cba0c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">central<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1472\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">eastern<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1473\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">western<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1474\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">nigeria-cameroon<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1475\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">southeastern (the maybe one)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">central<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1471\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3e3299;\">Central Chimpanzee<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><em>P. troglodytes troglodytesk<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"wp-image-4203 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=580%2C580&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"central chimpanzee - by New England Primate Conservancy\" width=\"580\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?w=772&amp;ssl=1 772w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/central_chimpanzee.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Image from <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\"><a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neprimateconservancy.org\/central-chimpanzee.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New England Primate Conservancy<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>LOCATIONS<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Cameroon<\/li><li>Central African Republic<\/li><li>Equatorial Guinea<\/li><li>Gabon<\/li><li>Republic of the Congo<\/li><li>Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>PHYSICAL FEATURES<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>largest of the 4 chimpanzee subtypes<\/li><li>most significant gender differences<\/li><li>longer arms<\/li><li>less facial hair &#8211; small tortoise shells and share the goods\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-4196 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-45-21-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.21-PM.png?fit=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"central chimpanzee P. troglodytes troglodytesk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.21-PM.png?w=498&amp;ssl=1 498w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.21-PM.png?resize=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1 235w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.21-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-44-41-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.44.41-PM.png?fit=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"central chimpanzee P. troglodytes troglodytesk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.44.41-PM.png?w=502&amp;ssl=1 502w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.44.41-PM.png?resize=232%2C300&amp;ssl=1 232w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.44.41-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-45-14-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.14-PM.png?fit=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"central chimpanzee P. troglodytes troglodytesk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.14-PM.png?w=498&amp;ssl=1 498w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.14-PM.png?resize=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1 235w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.14-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-45-27-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.27-PM.png?fit=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"central chimpanzee P. troglodytes troglodytesk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.27-PM.png?w=498&amp;ssl=1 498w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.27-PM.png?resize=235%2C300&amp;ssl=1 235w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.45.27-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1472\" aria-expanded=\"false\">eastern<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1472\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1472\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Eastern Chimpanzee<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><em>P. troglodytes schweinfurthii<\/em><\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4204 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?resize=580%2C580&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Eastern Chimpanzee - pan troglodytes schweinfurthii - by New England Primate Conservancy\" width=\"580\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?w=741&amp;ssl=1 741w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/eastern_chimpanzee_pan_troglodyes_schweinfurthii.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Image from <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\"><a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neprimateconservancy.org\/eastern-chimpanzee.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New England Primate Conservancy<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>LOCATIONS<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Central African Republic, South Sudan<\/li><li>Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/li><li>Uganda<\/li><li>Rwanda<\/li><li>Burundi<\/li><li>Tanzania<\/li><li>Zambia<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>PHYSICAL FEATURES<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>smallest of the chimpanzees<br \/>rounder heads<\/li><li>less pronounced brow ridges<\/li><li>shorter limbs than other subspecies<\/li><li>known as the \u201clong-haired\u201d chimpanzee<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>LIFESTYLE &amp; BEHAVIOR<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>ranges from the Congo River\/ Ubangi River in southeast Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to Burundi, Rwanda, western Uganda and western Tanzania, with a small population in South Sudan<\/li><li>majority of the population is found in DRC<\/li><li>inhabits tropical forests and forests that extend into<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><div id='gallery-2' class='gallery galleryid-4196 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-01-40-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.40-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern chimpanzee P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.40-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.40-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.40-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-01-32-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.32-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern chimpanzee P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.32-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.32-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.01.32-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-00-51-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.51-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern chimpanzee P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.51-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.51-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.51-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-00-36-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.36-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.36-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.36-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.36-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-00-14-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.14-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern chimpanzee - P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.14-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.14-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.00.14-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-5-59-57-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-5.59.57-PM.png?fit=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"eastern chimpanzee P. troglodytes schweinfurthii\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-5.59.57-PM.png?w=430&amp;ssl=1 430w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-5.59.57-PM.png?resize=227%2C300&amp;ssl=1 227w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-5.59.57-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1473\" aria-expanded=\"false\">western<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1473\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1473\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Western Chimpanzee<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"color: #808080;\">P. troglodytes verus<\/span><br \/><\/em><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4205\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?resize=580%2C580&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Western chimpanzee, P. troglodytes verus - by New England Primate Conservancy\" width=\"580\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?w=747&amp;ssl=1 747w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/western_chimpanzee.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Image from <span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333399;\"><a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.neprimateconservancy.org\/western-chimpanzee.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New England Primate Conservancy<\/a><\/span>.<\/p><p><strong>LOCATIONS<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Guinea<\/li><li>Guinea-Bissau<\/li><li>Mali, Senegal<\/li><li>Sierra Leone<\/li><li>Liberia<\/li><li>Ivory Coast<\/li><li>Ghana<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>PHYSICAL FEATURES<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>thought to be the most genetically differentiated of the four subspecies,<\/li><li>even leading researchers to speculate that they could be a separate species<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>LIFESTYLE &amp; BEHAVIOR<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>exhibit a number of unique behaviors<\/li><li>make wooden spears to hunt other primates<\/li><li>use caves as homes<\/li><li>share food with each other<\/li><li>use stones or branches to crack nuts<\/li><li>are active during the night<\/li><li>in places that can be extremely hot and dry, they have been observed immersing themselves in water to cool down<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><div id='gallery-3' class='gallery galleryid-4196 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-06-32-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.32-PM.png?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"western chimpanzee - P. troglodytes verus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.32-PM.png?w=526&amp;ssl=1 526w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.32-PM.png?resize=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1 236w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.32-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-06-26-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.26-PM.png?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"western chimpanzee - P. troglodytes verus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.26-PM.png?w=526&amp;ssl=1 526w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.26-PM.png?resize=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1 236w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.26-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-06-12-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.12-PM.png?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"western chimpanzee - P. troglodytes verus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.12-PM.png?w=526&amp;ssl=1 526w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.12-PM.png?resize=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1 236w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.06.12-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-24-at-6-05-49-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"236\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.05.49-PM.png?fit=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"western chimpanzee - P. troglodytes verus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.05.49-PM.png?w=526&amp;ssl=1 526w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.05.49-PM.png?resize=236%2C300&amp;ssl=1 236w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-24-at-6.05.49-PM.png?resize=9%2C12&amp;ssl=1 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 236px) 100vw, 236px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1474\" aria-expanded=\"false\">nigeria-cameroon<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1474\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1474\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Nigeria-Cameroon<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><em>P. troglodytes ellioti <\/em><strong><em>(also known as P. t. vellerosus)<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>LOCATION<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>Nigeria<\/li><li>Cameroon<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>PHYSICAL FEATURES<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>smaller teeth<\/li><li>smaller ears<\/li><li>smaller skulls<\/li><li>smaller ears<\/li><li>thicker fur<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>LIFESTYLE &amp; BEHAVIOR<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>use stone hammers to crack nuts and tools made from plants to extract bees<\/li><li>most threatened and least distributed of all the common chimpanzee subspecies\u00a0<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><div id='gallery-4' class='gallery galleryid-4196 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-medium'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-51-29-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"241\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.29-PM.png?fit=241%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.29-PM.png?w=590&amp;ssl=1 590w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.29-PM.png?resize=241%2C300&amp;ssl=1 241w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.29-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-51-19-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.19-PM.png?fit=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.19-PM.png?w=572&amp;ssl=1 572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.19-PM.png?resize=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1 242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.19-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-51-12-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.12-PM.png?fit=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.12-PM.png?w=572&amp;ssl=1 572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.12-PM.png?resize=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1 242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.12-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-51-05-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.05-PM.png?fit=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.05-PM.png?w=572&amp;ssl=1 572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.05-PM.png?resize=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1 242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.51.05-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-50-51-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.51-PM.png?fit=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.51-PM.png?w=572&amp;ssl=1 572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.51-PM.png?resize=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1 242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.51-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon portrait'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/tr\/screen-shot-2021-04-25-at-6-50-22-pm\/'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"242\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.22-PM.png?fit=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee - P. troglodytes ellioti (also known as P. t. vellerosus)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.22-PM.png?w=572&amp;ssl=1 572w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.22-PM.png?resize=242%2C300&amp;ssl=1 242w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2021-04-25-at-6.50.22-PM.png?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 242px) 100vw, 242px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1475\" aria-expanded=\"false\">southeastern (the maybe one)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1475\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1475\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\">Southeastern Chimpanzee<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><em>P. troglodytes marungensis<\/em><\/span><\/p><p>This is the fifth possible subspecies. The previous four subspecies are widely recognized; however, it remains controversial whether the Southeastern chimpanzee warrants its own category of subspecies.<\/p><p><strong><br \/>LOCATIONS<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Burundi<\/li><li>Rwanda<\/li><li>Tanzania<\/li><li>Uganda<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b4af819 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b4af819\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5efd7ac\" data-id=\"5efd7ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc91c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc91c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">chimpanzee facial landmarks<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-00ebb6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"00ebb6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6e03de\" data-id=\"d6e03de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11ace14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"11ace14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?fit=900%2C900&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5399\" alt=\"chimpanzee with facial landmarks drawn over\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=500%2C500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=1320%2C1320&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee-facial-landmark-diagram.webp?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">chimpanzee facial landmark diagram<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd69c65\" data-id=\"fd69c65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7464a5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7464a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.redbubble.com\/shop\/ap\/82315759\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2548\" height=\"2529\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?fit=2548%2C2529&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5395\" alt=\"chimpanzee facial landmarks diagram\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?w=2548&amp;ssl=1 2548w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=300%2C298&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=1024%2C1016&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=768%2C762&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=1536%2C1525&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=2048%2C2033&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=504%2C500&amp;ssl=1 504w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=1320%2C1310&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=600%2C596&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/chimpanzee_fully_transparent_groovy2.0-e1626017189606.png?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">groovy chimpanzee facial landmark diagram. <br><b>Click image to check out merchandise for this design \ud83d\ude42<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd6098 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2bd6098\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d7ee80\" data-id=\"4d7ee80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb034dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb034dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #774e8a;\">comparative primate facial landmarks<\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fb735cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fb735cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86b4409\" data-id=\"86b4409\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3107c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f3107c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?fit=900%2C900&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5400\" alt=\"orangutan facial landmark diagram\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?w=3342&amp;ssl=1 3342w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=12%2C12&amp;ssl=1 12w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=500%2C500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=1320%2C1320&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?resize=100%2C100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/orangutan-facial-landmark-diagram.png?w=2700&amp;ssl=1 2700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">orangutan facial landmark diagram<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de1f374\" data-id=\"de1f374\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-512b753 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"512b753\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?fit=900%2C900&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2852\" alt=\"human landmark labels\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?w=3165&amp;ssl=1 3165w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?resize=1088%2C1088&amp;ssl=1 1088w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?w=1800&amp;ssl=1 1800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/face2.png?w=2700&amp;ssl=1 2700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">human facial landmark diagram<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9de5630 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9de5630\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbc61d\" data-id=\"edbc61d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e121112 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e121112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">chimpanzee facial actions chart<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84c29ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"84c29ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d16e965\" data-id=\"d16e965\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9169b18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9169b18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>chart 1<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p class=\"c12 c38\"><span class=\"c14\" style=\"color: #333333;\">KEY<\/span><\/p><p class=\"c63 c38\"><span class=\"c31 c46\">\u2713 \u00a0<\/span><span class=\"c41\">= \u00a0AU identified<br \/><\/span><span class=\"c72 c46 c57\">\u2717<\/span><span class=\"c41\">\u00a0 = \u00a0AU not identified, but muscle present<br \/><\/span><span class=\"c41 c62\">a \u00a0<\/span><span class=\"c41\">= \u00a0AU not identified and muscle absent<\/span><\/p><table class=\"c90\"><tbody><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22 c26\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">AU<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2 c26\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">AU name<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0 c26\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle(s)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1 c26\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">human FACS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21 c26\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">chimp FACS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8 c26\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c58\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #333333;\"><strong><span class=\"c37\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">NOTES<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c101\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">inner brow raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">frontalis (medial)<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c65 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12 c20\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">outer brow raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">frontalis (lateral)<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12 c20\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c101\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">1+2<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">inner brow raiser + brow raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">frontalis (full)<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c71 c83\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">full brow raise is not a single AU. It is the combination of AUs 1+2 (inner brow raiser + outer brow raiser). Thus far, separation of AUs 1 and 2 has only been recorded in humans.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">4<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">brow lowerer<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">procerus, depressor and corrugator supercilii<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">procerus present and functions to pull down brows at glabella. ds and c unclear. brows are seen to lower (p or ds) but not knit (c) <\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">5<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">upper lid raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oculi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and au6 identified<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">6<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">cheek raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oculi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and au6 identified<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">7<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">lid tightener<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oculi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">difficult to identify this subtle action due to morphology and colouration of eye area and eye movements<br \/><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>(scroll for OZEL NOTE AU7)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">8<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lips toward each other<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">not readily identifiable due to less eversion and contrast of lip margins<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">9<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nose wrinkler<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lev. labii sup. alaeque nasi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU9 clearly identifiable, action may<\/span><\/p><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">also recruit procerus<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">10<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">upper lip raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">levator labii superioris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU10 clearly identifiable, capable of independent action<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">11<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nasolabial furrow deepener<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">zygomaticus minor<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">possible incipient muscle, absence of cheek fat would make action difficult to detect if present<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">12<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lip corner puller<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">zygomaticus major<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU12 clearly identifiable, capable of independent action<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">13<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">sharp lip puller<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">levator anguli oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle poorly developed, lack of cheek fat would make action difficult to detect if present<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">14<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">dimpler<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">buccinatorius<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present but AU14 not clearly identified, perhaps due to lack of cheek fat<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">15<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lip corner depressor<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">depressor anguli oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and capable of independent action but AU15 not yet seen independently<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">16<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lower lip depressor<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">depressor labii inferioris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU16 clearly identifiable as independent action<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">17<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">chin raiser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">mentalis<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle small but distinct and independent action seen. absence of chin boss means cues to AU17 differ in the chimpanzee.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">18<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lip pucker<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><em><span class=\"c18\">incisivii labii, orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21 c62\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c23 c57 c86\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">a<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscles not clearly identified. puckering of lips not clearly identified in chimpanzees<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">20<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0lip stretch<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">risorius<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">risorius not present. similar action seen <\/span><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">likely to be due to platysma action (AU 21)\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>(scroll for OZEL NOTE AU20)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><br \/><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">21<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">neck tightener<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">platysma myoides<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present but AU21 may be more difficult to<\/span><\/p><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">identify due to hair covering neck and jaw<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">22<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lip funneler<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c10\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU22 clearly identifiable,<span class=\"c16\"><br \/>chimpanzees may have more independent movement in upper and lower lips than humans<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">23<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lip tightener<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c6\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c72 c57\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">not readily identifiable due to less eversion and contrast of lip margins<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">24<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u00a0lip presser<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present and AU24 clearly identifiable<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">25<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lips parted<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">depressor labii inferioris\/levator labii superioris\/orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12 c20\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">26<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">jaw drop<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nonmimetic muscle<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12 c20\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">27<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">mouth stretch<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nonmimetic muscle<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12 c20\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">28<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">lips suck<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oris<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">muscle present andAU28 identifiable<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">39<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nostril compressor<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">depressor septi nasi, nasalis<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c57 c72\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #993300;\">\u2717<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">nasalis muscle present but not differentiated. AU38 and AU39 not seen in chimpanzees<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">43<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">eye closure<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oculi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c10\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">present<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"c35\"><td class=\"c22\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">45<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c2\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"c5\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">blink<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c0\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span class=\"c18\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">orbicularis oculi<\/span><\/em><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c1\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c21\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c12\"><span class=\"c31\" style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #339966;\">\u2713<\/span><\/p><\/td><td class=\"c8\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p class=\"c10\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">present<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>source for chart 1:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>Caeiro, <span style=\"color: #808080;\">C.C., <\/span>Waller, B.M., Zimmermann, E.\u00a0<i>et al.<\/i>\u00a0OrangFACS: A Muscle-Based Facial Movement Coding System for Orangutans (<i>Pongo<\/i>\u00a0spp.).\u00a0<i>Int J Primatol<\/i>34,\u00a0115\u2013129 (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10764-012-9652-x\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10764-012-9652-x<\/a><br \/><em>**Yes, this study was on orangutans, but it hosted a cross-species comparison chart with information on chimpFACS.<\/em><\/p><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>chart 2<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p class=\"c11\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4230 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=774%2C1939&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"chimpFACS - AUs for chimpanzees by S-J Vick , B. M. Waller, L. A. Parr, M. Smith Pasqualini &amp; K. A. Bard (2007) A Cross Species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using FACS . Journal of Nonverbal Behavio r, 31: 1-20 \" width=\"774\" height=\"1939\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?w=774&amp;ssl=1 774w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=120%2C300&amp;ssl=1 120w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=409%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 409w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=768%2C1924&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=613%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 613w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/chimp_facs-e1619391378615.png?resize=5%2C12&amp;ssl=1 5w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/p><p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>source for chart 2:<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Vick, Sarah-Jane &amp; Waller, Bridget &amp; Parr, Lisa &amp; Pasqualini, Marcia &amp; Bard, Kim. (2021). S-J Vick , B. M. Waller, L. A. Parr, M. Smith Pasqualini &amp; K. A. Bard (2007) A Cross Species Comparison of Facial Morphology and Movement in Humans and Chimpanzees Using FACS . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31: 1-20.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #800080;\">NOTES FROM CHART 1<\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #9c0c9c;\"><strong>OZEL NOTE AU7 &#8211; lid tightener:<\/strong><\/span> Though it has not been documented in official chimpFACS or chimpanzee studies, I&#8217;ve personally observed and documented the lid tightener action in chimpanzees. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/CGQUvWRD0Qt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #333399; text-decoration: underline;\">See action here<\/span><\/span><\/a>.)<\/span><\/p><p><span class=\"c16\" style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><span style=\"color: #9c0c9c;\"><strong>OZEL NOTE AU20 &#8211; lip stretcher:<\/strong><\/span> As indicated by chart 2 and the research of <span style=\"color: #333399;\"><a style=\"color: #333399;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ruidiogolab.com\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=75&amp;Itemid=58\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Rui Diogo,<\/span><\/a><\/span> the risorius muscle has been found to be present in some chimpanzees. These conflicting findings parallel the risorius muscle&#8217;s inconsistent presence in humans. It is one of the most variable facial muscles and has been reported absent in human cadavers at drastically different rates, depending on the study.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e059cf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e059cf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76ff627\" data-id=\"76ff627\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dbb9db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" 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type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-au1 category-au2 category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-frontalis category-primates tag-inner-brow-raiser-frontalis generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-brow-raiser\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/comparative-anatomy-chimpanzee-and-humans.png?fit=300%2C153&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7538\" alt=\"side-by-side of chimpanzee and woman upper face area showing brow raise differences\" 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href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-brow-raiser\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Chimpanzee vs. Human Expressions, Part II\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-7424 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-art category-au6 category-blend-shapes category-character-rigging category-cheek-raiser category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-orbicularis-oculi category-primates tag-inner-brow-raiser-frontalis tag-facial-action-coding-system-facs generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?fit=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-7426\" alt=\"illustrated diagram of a chimpanzee and its brow ridge\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?w=2064&amp;ssl=1 2064w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=300%2C203&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1024%2C693&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=768%2C519&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1536%2C1039&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=2048%2C1385&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=18%2C12&amp;ssl=1 18w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=739%2C500&amp;ssl=1 739w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/chimpanzee-anatomy-diagram-brow-ridge.png?resize=1320%2C893&amp;ssl=1 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tChimpanzee vs. Human Facial Expressions, Part I\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/chimpanzee-vs-human-cheek-raiser\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Chimpanzee vs. Human Facial Expressions, Part I\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<article class=\"elementor-post elementor-grid-item post-2850 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-action-units category-chimpanzees category-anatomy category-facial-expressions category-muscles category-free category-primates category-wrinkles generate-columns tablet-grid-50 mobile-grid-100 grid-parent grid-50\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail__link\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-2851\" alt=\"chimpanzee landmark labels\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?w=3062&amp;ssl=1 3062w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1536%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=2048%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=75%2C75&amp;ssl=1 75w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?resize=1088%2C1088&amp;ssl=1 1088w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/melindaozel.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/chinmpp2.png?w=2400&amp;ssl=1 2400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-post__title\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" >\n\t\t\t\tComparative Anatomy (Sneak Preview)\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-post__read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/sv\/comparative-anatomy\/\" aria-label=\"L\u00e4s mer om Comparative Anatomy (Sneak Preview)\" tabindex=\"-1\" >\n\t\t\tRead More \u00bb\t\t<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac145ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac145ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc4342f\" data-id=\"dc4342f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3b79d6 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"c3b79d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/melindaozel.com\/\">Home<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Studieguide om schimpanser f\u00f6r konstn\u00e4rer och forskare. Denna guide belyser schimpansers ansiktsmark\u00f6rer, underarters egenskaper och beteenden samt dokumenterade\/forskade ansiktshandlingar hos schimpanser (chimpFACS).<\/p>","protected":false},"author":60486633,"featured_media":2849,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4196","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chimpanzee Study Guide For Artists and Researchers - Face the FACS | Facial Expressions in Animation, AI, &amp; Behavior<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chimpanzee facial expression guide. 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